The Imperial Screen

Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS = ix INTRODUCTION = xiii CONTEXTUALIZING THE BOOK = xvi PARAMETERS OF THE BOOK = xxvii PROLOGUE = 3 1. INTO A VALLEY OF DARKNESS = 13 A BRIEF SEASON OF PACIFISM = 13 CENSORSHIP A LA 1930 = 20 MILITARISM AND THE YOUTH CULTURE = 23 PHANTOM ``EVENTS'' AND PSYCHIC HOLOGRAMS: MEDIA IN THE THIRTIES = 26 THE MANCHURIAN INCIDENT AS MEDIA EVENT = 29 STEP TWO: THE ``CRISIS-TIME'' JAPAN MOOD = 39 2. THE UNSATISFACTORY MIRROR = 51 A MATTER OF PATRIOTISM AND PROFIT = 51 REGULATING NATIONAL LIFE AND CONTROLLING THE PRODUCERS OF CULTURE = 55 THE CRITICS AND THOUGHT CONTROL = 62 THE FILM LAW = 70 THE FOREIGN FILM ``MENACE'' = 76 THE KONDANKAI SYSTEM IN PRACTICE = 82 THE FAITH OF THE REFORM BUREAUCRATS = 85 3. THE GLORY DAYS OF THE KULTURFILM = 92 NEWS FILMS AND THE OUTBREAK OF THE ``CHINA INCIDENT'' = 92 FEATURE-LENGTH DOCUMENTARIES IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE CHINA INCIDENT = 99 THE ``KAMEI FUMIO CASE'' = 100 ISSUES RAISED BY OTHER TOHO MILITARY DOCUMENTARIES = 114 HOPES FOR CULTURE FILM INSPIRED BY THE FILM LAW = 120 THE MAKERS OF CULTURE FILM = 124 ``PURE'' SCIENCE AND THE SCREEN OF ``AMBIGUITY'' = 127 THE ``PROPAGANDA PROBLEM'' = 133 AND, FINALLY, A ``REALITY PROBLEM'' = 140 4. THE FILM INDUSTRY IN THE CHINA INCIDENT = 149 A CONFLICT OF EGOS = 149 FLICKERS OF RESISTANCE IN JIDAIGEKI = 156 THE FATES OF THREE DIRECTORS = 158 A TROUBLED ERA OF GREATNESS: GENDAIGEKI = 164 ``FOOLING'' THE CENSORS = 171 FILMWORLD INDIVIDUALS IN THE CHINA INCIDENT = 180 5. WAR DRAMAS IN THE CHINA INCIDENT = 190 A ``TREASON'' OF THE FILM COMPANIES = 190 FIVE SCOUTS: THE BEAST WITH MANY BODIES = 192 TASAKA AND THE REJECTION OF HISTORY = 201 MUD AND SOLDIERS AND LEGEND OF TANK COMMANDER NISHIZUMI = 204 THE ISSUE OF ``HUMANISM'' IN A WAR FILM = 217 6. ``THE TIME FOR RATIONALITY IS AT AN END'' = 223 THE RISE OF THE SPIRITIST FILM: SAWAMURA TSUTOMU AND KUMAGAI HISATORA = 223 KUMAGAI HISATORA'S THE ABE CLAN = 226 THE NAVAL BRIGADE AT SHANGHAI = 233 A STORY OF LEADERSHIP = 239 OTHER SPIRITIST FILMS = 246 SPIRITIST WOMEN AND WOMEN OF SPIRIT = 251 SKY ABOVE, DEATH BELOW = 259 7. CHINA DREAMS = 265 ``INTRACTABLE FOOTAGE'' AND THE ANXIETY OF VASTNESS = 265 INVITATIONS TO A ``ROYAL PARADISE'' = 268 RI KORAN = 271 DEPICTING THE CHINESE = 276 8. ON THE EVE OF A NEW WAR = 286 1940: ``LUXURY IS THE ENEMY!'' = 286 SHORTENING THE LEASH ON THE FILM INDUSTRY = 291 LIFE INSIDE THE ``ABCD ENCIRCLEMENT'' = 295 THE BIZARRE CASE OF YOU AND ME = 308 ``NOT ONE FOOT OF RAW FILM STOCK TO SPARE!''= 314 9. REPRESSION AND INTERNALIZATION OF CONTROL = 322 NO REGRETS FOR WHOSE YOUTH? = 322 IWASAKI AKIRA GOES INTO THE ``PIG BOX'' = 324 DANCING IN A CIRCLE OF SPEARMEN = 329 10. THE FIRST YEAR OF THE PACIFIC WAR = 343 THE JAPANESE FILM WORLD: ``IN THE LIGHT OF A PERFECTLY CLEAR SITUATION'' = 343 FILMS IN THE SEASON OF VICTORY: 1942 = 347 IMAGING AN ALIEN WORLD = 353 ``A LOT EASIER THAN IN CHINA!'': MALAY WAR RECORD AND BURMA WAR RECORD = 363 EARLY PACIFIC WAR DRAMA FILMS = 374 ``IN THE END, WE ALL BECAME SERVANTS OF NATIONAL POLICY'' = 376 11. THE NEW SPIRITISM---``A PROGRESS OF SOULS'' = 382 THE TRAVAILS OF MAKING A COMBAT SPECTACULAR = 382 THE RETURN OF SPIRITISM IN FILM = 385 THE NOVICE = 395 THE TRAINEE = 396 THE INITIATE = 397 THE WARRIOR AND HIS SACRED MISSION = 398 FULFILLMENT IN EXTINCTION = 398 MILITARIST MOTHERS = 399 THE DEMOTED HERO OF THE PURE COMBAT FILM = 405 THE YASUKUNI DOCTRINE = 408 ``THERE CAN BE NO IMPROVEMENT IN PRODUCTION WITHOUT IMPROVEMENT IN CHARACTER'' = 411 12. TRENDS IN THE MIDDLE PHASE = 422 HATE THE ENEMY: A NEW ROLE FOR THE HISTORY FILM = 422 ``LIBERATION'' AND ``ANTILIBERATION'' FILMS = 432 SPY FILMS = 442 TALES OF JUNGLE COMBAT = 450 13. THE LATE WAR PERIOD = 458 CLOSING THE LID OF AN ``IRON COFFIN'' = 458 IN THE WAKE OF THE DECISIVE WAR EMERGENCY MEASURES = 460 THE FATE OF THE CULTURE FILM = 465 THE FATE OF THE CARTOON FILM = 470 TWILIGHT OF THE FILM CRITICS = 474 14. IN THE SHADOW OF DEFEAT = 478 RAISING THE DIVINE WIND = 478 THE FIRESTORM DESCENDS = 489 SPIRITUAL COUNTERMEASURES = 491 SCORCHED EARTH = 496 HIS MAJESTY'S VOICE = 499 THE OCCUPIERS ARRIVE = 503 EPILOGUE = 506 NOTES = 517 ENGLISH SOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHY = 559 JAPANESE SOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHY = 565 INDEX OF NAMES = 573 INDEX OF FILMS = 579

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