THE TELEVISION PROGRAM

1 Introduction = 3 The Nature of Television The Nature of Television Production: The Television Craftsman Television Studios Television Control Rooms The Television Crew Initiating a Program Program Personnel Background for a Television Career 2 Camera Concepts: Shots and Lenses = 20 Cameras, Mounts, and Lenses Make the Shot: Camera Mounts The Lens Types of Shots: Field of View Area of Subject Visible Number of Subjects Included Camera Angle Camera Movement Purpose of the Shot Summary 3 Transitions: Shot to Shot and Scene to Scene = 42 The Fade The Take or Cut: Cutting Techniques The Dissolve Variations on the Dissolve: Matched Shots The Defocus-Refocus Time-Lapse Transitions Special Effects as Transitions: The Wipe Transitions for One Camera Summary 4 Television Directing: Terms and Cues = 60 What the Director Must Do What the Director Must Be Terms, Cues, and Directions: Cues Related to Shots or Camera Movement Switching Cues Audio Cues Film Cues Videotape Inserts Special-Effects Cues Cues Given at the Opening of a Show Shorthand Symbols for Common Cues and Directions Shot Numbers and Camera Cue Sheets Extent of the Director's Responsibilities for Cuing Summary: The Ten Commandments of Television Television Mnemonics 5 Pictorial Composition = 86 Purposes of Good Composition The Illusion of Depth: Foreground Objects Appropriate Lens Focal Length Techniques of Composition: Diagonal Arrangement Framing Difference in Size Difference in Height Control over Subject: Backgrounds Groupings Lighting as an Element in Composition Achieving Dominance Color and Emphasis Unusual Composition Poor Composition Summary 6 Production Elements and Techniques = 108 The Audio Elements: Audio Quality Volume Balance Microphones Microphone Mounts and Placement Recorded Sound Live Sound Effects Lighting: Amount of Light Quality of Light Specific Purposes of Each Lighting Instrument Direction of Light Lighting Balance Shadows Graphic Materials: Slides Studio Graphics Title Cards and Crawls Other Graphics The Design of Graphics Masks, Mattes, and Goboes Summary 7 Directing "Residue" = 133 The Residue Director's Script Responsibilities of the Residue Director: Cuing Up Film and VTR The Residue Director as Coordinator Automated Operation 8 Directing Unrehearsed Studio Programs = 142 The Host-Director Team The Director's Script for the Impromptu Show Semi-Scripts for Educational Programs The Director and the Floor Manager Control of Timing Impromptu Camera Handling Summary 9 Directing Remote Programs = 157 Aids to the Remote Director Handling Interviews Control of Timing of a Remote Surveying the Site Instant Replay 10 Directing the Fully Scripted Program = 166 Various Approaches and Systems: The Technical Director (T.D.) System The Switcher System The Director-Switching System Directing Drama from the Studio Floor Blocking Out the Script Outside Rehearsal Studio Rehearsal: The Control of Time The Live Show on the Air 11 Film and Videotape = 193 Film Projection Equipment Videotape Production Film Standards Videotape Standards: Broadcast Standard Recorders The Helical Scanning Process Editing Techniques: Videotape Editing Post-Production: Titling Dubbing 12 Special Production Elements and Techniques = 204 Visual Elements in the Studio: Make-up Costumes Settings Special Studio Effects: Optical Effects Chemical Effects Mechanical Effects Electronic Effects Summary 13 Television Producing = 216 The Executive Producer The Television Producer's Responsibilities: The Budget Estimate The Producing Team Producing the Complex Production: Script Clearance Casting Production Services Music Studio Facilities Advance Recording and Filming Summary 14 Non-Broadcast Television: The New Worlds of Video = 232 Index = 237

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