Special Optical Effects

1. IN-CAMERA EFFECTS = 9 Reverse action Stop motion Stop motion and live characters Undercranking and overcranking Varying the motor speed during a take Superimpositions Placing the super Coloured superimpositions Overlays Double exposures Registration Fixed pin registration Moving-pin registration Steady test Film pitch In-camera fades Mixes (dissolves) Using the 'in-camera' mix(dissolve) Sectional masking Mask in the gate Mask in front of the lens Split screen Effects filters Prismatic lens attachments Split dioptre lens Attachments Mirror effects Glass shots Colour temperature Exposure aids 2. LABORATORY EFFECTS = 46 A and B roll printing Printers Forced development 3. DUPLICATING FILMS = 50 Colour reversal internegative (CRI) Internegatives EC5253 (35mm) and 7253 (16mm) Panchromatic colour separation stock (5296 35mm) Colour internegative Black-and-white duplicating stocks High-contrast stocks 4. OPTICAL PRINTER EFFECTS = 56 The lamphouse Additive colour lamphouse Basic effects The preparation Fades Dissolves (mixes) Double exposures Superimpositions Solarisation Colour tinting Colour separation Desaturating the colour (prefogging) From colour to black-and-white Split screening Glass matting Camera plus projector head Liquid gate Focus pull Freeze frame Skip framing Reverse printing Rippling or strobing effect Double exposure Geometry reversal Tilting Reframing Changing the formats Moves within the picture Split screening made easier Distortions Bipack matting Coloured lettering Drop-shadow titling Camera plus two projector heads Aerial image Using multihead optical printers Camera plus three projector heads Camera plus four projector heads 5. MAKING TRAVELLING MATTES = 91 Hand-painted mattes Self-matting positives (black velvet) Double pass system Using colour backgrounds Colour difference: 'blue screen' system Multifilm systems 6. THE ROSTRUM CAMERA = 101 The stand The table Registering the artwork The cutout The rotation North／south movement East／west movement Diagonal panning Motorised movements Computerised movements Pantograph table Floating pegbar The platen Autofocus Zoom rates The camera Fade／dissolve facility Capping shutter and autocycler Camera motor Bipack magazines Rotoscoping Shadow board Lighting Choice of lamps Filtration Backlight 7. ROSTRUM CAMERA EFFECTS = 118 Lens attachments Direct effects Titles Matting Bipack matting Bipack printing Projected image Aerial image projector The lens The condensers Aerial image and toplights Bipack operation Aerial image zoom Zoptic screen The Zoptic effect The slit-scan 8. PROCESS PROJECTION = 131 Back projection Motor drives The lamphouse Projection lenses The screen The hot spot The line up Using back projection Back projection and matte paintings Front-axial projection Front projection screen The projector Projector movements Beamsplitter Fringing Fringing and the zoom lens Fringing and focus Lining up procedure Camera mount The nodal head Lighting for front projection Skylight Polarised lighting Matching the colour Blending in the foreground Front projection plates Grading Exposure Setting up a front projection shot Shooting off the mirror Going 'behind' foreground objects Masking off Front projection and matte paintings Ghosting Flames Front projection and miniatures Dual screen system Suspension methods: wires Painting out wires Suspension methods: the pole Lightweight projectors Moving the front projection assembly Rotation Double pan and tilt heads Movement in depth Zoptic front projection The flying rig Zoptic without zooms Shot planning Using the Zoptic Front and back projection Zoptic screen Mixing formats Front projection screen construction Covering large areas Soft backing Hard backing Patching up Curved screens Glossary = 181

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