How to Read A Film

Ⅰ. FILM AS AN ART = 1 The Nature of Art = 3 The Spectrum of Art: Modes of Discourse = 7 Film, Recording, and the Other Arts = 20 Film, Photography, and Painting Film and the Novel Film and Theater Film and Music Film and the Environmental Arts The Structure of Art = 43 Ⅱ. TECHNOLOGY: IMAGE AND SOUND = 47 Art and Technology = 49 Image Technology Sound Technology The Lens = 59 The Camera = 70 The Filmstock = 81 Negatives, Prints, and Generations Aspect Ratio Grain, Gauge, and Speed Contrast, Tone, and Color The Soundtrack = 98 Post-Production = 103 Editing Mixing and Looping Special Effects Opticals and the Laboratory The Uses of Video = 112 Projection = 115 Ⅲ. THE LANGUAGE OF FILM: SIGNS AND SYNTAX = 119 Signs = 121 The Physiology of Perception Denotative and Connotative Meaning Reading the Image Syntax = 140 Codes Mise en Scène (The Framed Image) The Diachronic Shot Sound Montage Reading the Narrative Ⅳ. THE SHAPE OF FILM HISTORY = 193 "The Movies": Economics = 199 The Birth of Film The Silent Business Sound: The Studios Film versus Television The Conglomerates and Independents "The Film": Politics = 217 Ontological Level Mimetic Level Inherent Level Psychopolitics Sociopolitics "The Cinema": Esthetics = 235 Creating an Art Lumière versus Méliès The Silent Feature: Realism versus Expressionism Hollywood: Genre versus Auteur Neorealism and After: Hollywood versus the World The New Wave and the Third World: Entertainment versus Communication (The New Wave; Avant Garde, Direct Cinema and Cinema Verite; England; Italy; Sweden; Eastern Europe; The Third World; Japan and Asia; New French Cinema; Das Neue Kino; Swiss Cinema; American Film Now) The Eighties and Beyond: Democracy and Technology: End of Cinema Ⅴ. FILM THEORY: FORM AND FUNCTION = 307 The Poet and the Philosopher: Lindsay and Münsterberg = 312 Expressionism and Realism: Amheim and Kracauer = 315 Montage: Pudovkin, Eisenstein, Balázs, and Formalism = 322 Mise en Scène: Neorealism, Bazin, and Godard = 328 Film Speaks and Acts: Metz and Contemporary Theory = 338 Ⅵ. MEDIA = 347 Print and Electronic Media = 351 The Technology of Mechanical and Electronic Media = 361 Radio and Records = 374 Television and Video = 380 A Concluding Note: Media Democracy = 411 APPENDIX Ⅰ: A STANDARD GLOSSARY FOR FILM AND MEDIA CRITICISM = 417 APPENDIX Ⅱ: READING ABOUT FILM AND MEDIA = 463 Part One: A Basic Library = 466 Part Two: Information = 488 APPENDIX Ⅲ: FILM AND MEDIA: A CHRONOLOGY = 495 INDEX = 513

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