The Technique of the Television Cameraman

Foreword = 9 Introduction = 11 1. THE CAMERAMAN'S QUALITIES = 13 Keenness = 14 Youth = 14 Physical Condition = 15 Picture Sense = 16 Technical Knowledge = 16 Hard Worker = 17 Good Mixer = 17 Duties and Responsibilities = 18 2. THE TELEVISION STUDIO = 21 Other People's Jobs = 21 The Boom Operator = 22 The Floor Manager = 25 The Stage-Hands = 26 The Vision Control Operator = 27 The Lighting Director = 30 The Director = 30 The Producer's Assistant = 32 The Vision-Mixer = 32 3. STUDIO EQUIPMENT = 36 Camera Types = 37 The Camera Tube = 37 Picture Sticking = 38 Capping Up = 39 Avoiding "Sticks" = 39 Burning-off = 40 Focusing = 40 Viewfinders = 41 Overscan Control = 43 Aperture Control = 44 Lining-up = 45 The Panning Head = 45 Studio Mountings = 47 Pedestal Dollies = 47 Steering the Pedestal Dolly = 49 Small Camera Crane = 50 The Mole Crane = 51 Crane Safety Precautions = 52 4. BASIC OPTICS = 54 Reflection = 54 Refraction = 56 Absorption = 58 Convex Lenses = 59 Concave Lenses = 59 Telephoto Lenses = 60 Zoom Lenses = 60 Transmission Factor = 61 f-Numbers = 61 Circle of Confusion and Depth of Field = 62 Hyperfocal Distance = 63 5. LENSES = 65 Angle of View and Focal Length = 65 The Wide-Angle Lens = 67 The Normal Lens = 68 The Intermediate Lens = 69 The Narrow-Angle Lens = 69 Additional Lenses = 71 Turrets and Turret Rotation = 72 The Zoom Lens = 73 Checking Lens Settings = 75 Care of Lenses = 76 6. PICTURE COMPOSITION = 78 Visual Elements of a Scene = 79 Mass = 80 Triangulation = 82 Line = 83 Movement = 87 Tone = 88 Depth = 90 Summing Up = 94 7. FRAMING TECHNIQUE = 96 Framing Artists = 96 Positioning the Eyes = 97 The Big Close-Up = 99 The Close-Up = 99 The Medium Close-Up = 101 The Mid-Shot = 101 The Medium Long Shot = 101 The Long Shot = 102 The Very Long Shot = 104 Two-Shots to Group Shots = 105 Looking Room = 108 General Rules = 112 8. FRAMING MUSICIANS = 114 The Pianist = 114 The Violinist = 117 Other Instrumentalists = 119 9. EARLY TECHNIQUES = 121 Splitting Focus = 121 Throwing Focus = 122 Defocus Mixes = 123 Captions = 124 Which Lens? = 124 What Camera Height? = 126 What Camera Position? = 127 10. PANNING AND TILTING = 129 The Director's Responsibility = 129 The Cameraman's Responsibility = 130 Panning = 132 Tilting = 138 11. TRACKING AND CRABBING = 144 The Object of Tracking = 144 Focusing = 146 When to Refocus = 148 Focusing Point = 150 Static Scene Focusing = 150 Lenses for Tracking = 151 Tracking in Sympathy with Mood = 158 Crabbing = 162 12. OTHER CAMERA MOVEMENTS = 163 Varying the Height = 163 Matching Heights = 164 Using the Right Lens = 164 Varying Height While Tracking = 165 Aid to Composition = 166 Zooming = 166 Zoom and Track = 167 Zoom and Pivot = 167 Captions = 168 The Crane = 169 Simultaneous Movements = 169 The Crane Crew = 170 The Driver = 171 The Swinger = 171 Cameraman's Signals = 172 13. REHEARSALS AND TRANSMISSIONS = 174 Preparing to Shoot = 174 The Shooting Script = 175 The Crib Card = 177 Marking the Studio Floor = 179 Fast Moves and Lens Changes = 180 When Things Go Wrong = 182 Working with Others = 184 Interpreting the Mood = 186 Learning to Relax = 187 One-Man Show = 188 Learning from Mistakes = 189 14. LATER TECHNIQUES = 190 The Camera Dolly = 190 Devising a Signal System = 191 Manually-Tracked Dolly = 192 Motorized Dolly = 193 Mole Richardson Crane = 194 Steadying the Camera = 196 Monitors for Trackers? = 198 Mirror Shots = 199 Canted Shots = 201 Lens Attachments = 202 Miniatures and Models = 203 15. LIGHTING = 204 Necessity for Compromise = 204 The Purpose of Lighting = 205 The Key Light = 206 Filler = 208 Back Light = 208 Background Light = 209 Types of Lamps = 210 Controlling the Area Illuminated = 211 Controlling Lamp Intensity = 211 Lighting Arrangements = 212 Back Projection = 222 Background Effect = 223 16. OUTSIDE BROADCASTS = 225 Equipment = 227 Using the Zoom Lens = 228 Range of Focal Lengths = 229 Dual-Range Lenses = 229 Long-Focus Lenses = 230 Filters = 231 Mobile Camera = 231 Operating Techniques = 231 Concentration = 232 Meeting the Viewer's Need = 233 Technical Terms = 236 Index = 241

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