A Short History of the Movies

1. Introductory Assumptions = 1 2. Birth = 9 Persistence of Vision = 9 Photography = 11 Thomas Edison = 14 Projection = 18 The First Films = 23 3. Film Narrative, Commercial Expansion = 27 Narrative = 30 Business Wars = 42 The Film d'Art = 46 4. Griffith = 48 Apprenticeship = 48 The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance = 62 1917-1931 = 72 5. The Comics: Mack Sennett and the Chaplin Shorts = 80 Krazy Keystones = 80 Charlie = 85 6. Movie Czars and Movie Stars = 94 Stars Over Hollywood = 95 The Emperors and Their Rule = 98 Morality = 103 Films and Filmmakers, 1910-1928 = 106 The Comics = 121 Hollywood and the Jazz Age = 130 7. The German Golden Age = 135 Fantasy = 137 Psychology = 145 The End of an Era = 151 8. Soviet Montage = 157 Sergei M. Eisenstein = 161 Vsevolod I. Pudovkin = 170 Dovzhenko, Vertov, and Others = 178 9. Sound = 185 Problems = 189 Solutions = 191 10. France Between the Wars = 198 René Clair = 207 Jean Renoir = 211 Vigo, Carné and Prévert = 217 11. The American Studio Years: 1930-1945 = 224 Film Cycles and Cinematic Conventions = 227 The Comics = 235 Von Sternberg, Ford, Hawks, Hitchcock, Welles = 247 12. Hollywood in Transition: 1946-1965 = 275 Films in the Transitional Era = 287 Surfaces and Subversion = 303 Finding the Audience = 315 13. Neorealisms and New Waves = 318 Italian Neorealism = 319 Fellini, Antonioni, and Others = 326 France—Postwar Classicism = 342 1959 and After = 352 The French (and Italian) Revolution = 373 14. Emerging National Traditions 1: The 1950s and 60s = 375 Sweden = 375 England: From Masterpiece Theatre to Social Realism to Masterpiece Theatre = 385 Czech Renaissance and Polish Solidarity = 398 Cinemas East = 407 15. Hollywood Renaissance: 1964-1976 = 434 The New American Auteurs = 443 The Independent American Cinema = 465 16. Emerging National Traditions 2: The 1970s and 80s = 474 Das Neue Kino = 474 Third World Cinemas = 486 Up from Down Under, Down from Up Above = 497 The New Internationalism = 502 17. The Return of the Myths: 1977- = 511 Emerging Directors = 520 It's A Wonderful Deal = 550 Movies in the Age of Video = 556 The Look of the Future = 562 Appendix: For Further Reading and Viewing = 566 Distributors = 622 Acknowledgments = 624 Glossary = 627 Index = 645

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