The Work of the Science Film Maker

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = 9 PREFACE = 11 INTRODUCTION = 13 1. THE MEDIUM = 15 The Cinema’s Family Tree = 15 The Range of Film-Making = 20 Science and Education = 21 Conception of a Film = 22 Visualisation = 23 Components and Style = 24 Scripting and Editing: Cornerstones of Film Language = 25 The Image = 27 Human Eye and the Camera Eye = 27 Visual Truth and Deception = 31 Function of the Single Scene = 36 Scene Length = 37 Lenses as Creative Tools = 37 The Field of View = 39 The Close-up = 41 Sharpness and Softness = 41 The Unshackled Camera = 43 Light and Lighting = 44 Exteriors = 45 Interiors = 46 Colour = 47 Sound = 49 Speech = 50 Music = 51 Sound Effects = 53 2. THE SUBJECT = 55 Our Visible and Invisible Worlds = 55 Explaining Science = 59 Filmed Lecture = 59 The Invisible made Visible = 61 Complex Themes = 66 The Interpretive Film = 67 Making the Message Clear = 68 Aiming at an Audience = 70 3. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES = 72 Photographic Methods = 72 Effects in Science Films = 72 Camera Optics = 73 Cinemacrography, cinemicrography = 73 Manipulating the Image = 75 Pepper’s Ghost = 77 Masks and Mattes = 79 Infrared Cinematography = 81 Ultra-Violet Cinematography = 84 Filter Effects = 86 Schlieren Process = 87 Cinematographic Methods: Time Dimension = 89 Special Cameras = 91 Under-running = 92 Single-frame and Time-lapse Methods = 92 Over-running = 93 Intermittent Slow-motion Cameras = 96 High-speed Cameras = 97 Freezing Action = 97 Reversing Action = 98 Optical Printing = 98 Preparation for Optical Printing = 99 Models and Scenic Effects = 100 Models = 102 Engineering, Architectural and Scientific Models = 102 Do-it-yourself and Commissioned Models = 105 Unit-produced Models = 107 Professionally Made Models = 109 Atmospheric Effects = 111 Graphics and Symbols = 113 Symbols as a Code = 114 Animation = 116 Graphics = 117 Commissioning Animation = 118 Cost of Animation = 118 Do-it-yourself Methods = 119 Titles = 121 Jump Animation = 123 Simulated Animation = 129 Analogies = 130 Unfilmable Analogies = 136 4. FILMS IN THE MAKING = 139 Film Work is Team Work = 139 The Work of One Team = 141 Three Science-Education Films = 142 Science in the Orchestra = 142 Part 1: Hearing the Music = 145 “V for Vibration” (Production of Sound) = 145 No Air—No Sound (Transmission of Sound) = 146 Lightning and Thunder (Speed of Sound) = 148 Lend me your Ear (Hearing Sound) = 151 Part 2: Exploring the Instruments = 152 Chimney into Flute (Vibrating Air Columns) = 152 Ta-ti, Ta-ti (Pitch) = 156 Seven Times Ta-ti (Musical Compass) = 157 Part 3: Looking at Sound = 160 Harmonics = 160 Oboe into Flute (An Experiment) = 162 Editing Schedule: High Notes and Low Notes = 163 Transference of Heat = 164 Convection = 165 Conduction = 177 Radiation = 182 Electro-Magnetic Waves = 186 Working with Scientific Apparatus = 196 Problems with Diffraction and Interference Photography = 198 Two Films on the History of Modern Science = 203 Historical Personalities = 204 Historic Equipment = 205 Mirror in the Sky = 206 Introduction: a Signal Across the Ocean = 206 Discovery of Radio-Waves by Heinrich Hertz = 209 Marconi’s Experiments = 212 Ionisation (an Animated Diagram) = 213 Discovery of the Ionosphere by Appleton = 218 Further Research = 222 Radio-astronomy = 223 Conquest of the Atom = 224 Synopsis = 225 The Shrinking Atom = 225 J. J. Thomson finds the Electron = 226 Rutherford’s Shooting Range = 228 Rutherford Splits the Nucleus = 233 Cockcroft-Walton Atom Smasher = 237 Chadwick Discovers the Neutron = 240 The Neutron in Action = 242 Summary = 247 5 FILM MAKING PROCEDURE = 249 Sponsors = 249 Finance = 250 Technical and Educational Advisers = 251 Production Routine = 252 Pre-production = 253 Chart for Production Routine = 254 Filming and Editing = 259 Recording, Track-laying, Dubbing = 262 Completion = 266 6 AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS = 269 The AVA Scene = 269 8mm Film in Education = 270 Loop Films (Cassettes) = 272 APPENDIX = 275 Guide Lines for the Evaluation of Science Films = 275 Film Libraries and Catalogues = 279 Scientific Film Associations and Societies = 282 Educational and Popular Science Films = 283 Film Running Time to Footage = 285 Bibliography = 286 GLOSSARY OF FILM TERMS = 289 INDEX = 300

펼치기