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Literature

한국 실험영화 同人의 등장과 뉴시네마 실천연구

Management No. TKC04178

Physical/Digital
아날로그
Media Type
논문
Subject
연구기술

Basic Information

Title
한국 실험영화 同人의 등장과 뉴시네마 실천연구
Subtitle
1960년대에서 1970년대를 중심으로
Parallel Title
-
Country
국내
Production Date
2024-**-**
Language
한국어
Size (mm)
-
Pages
215쪽
ISBN/ISSN
-
Edition
-
Master Files
-
Producer
김수연 (부산대학교 예술문화영상학과 대학원 박사 논문 저자)
Description
(논문요약)본 논문은 한국영화사에 등장한 새로운 영화의 시작과 그 의미를 질문하면서 시작되었다. 한국영화의 새로운 물결을 표명한 ‘코리안 뉴웨이브’ 개념은 세계 영화의 호명에 응답하기 위해 한국영화의 정체성을 규정하고자 했고, 한국영화에서 드러난 주제, 내러티브, 스타일의 새로움이 1980년대 영화 운동과 리얼리즘의 저항의식을 이어받았다고 본다. 코리안 뉴웨이브를 기점으로 한 새로움에 대한 주장은 1970년대와의 단절을 전제로 한다는 점에서문제적이다. 본 논문은 1960년대에서 1970년대를 실험영화 동인에 의해 새로운 영화가 등장하고 뉴시네마가 실천된 시기임을 규명한다. 이를 통해 한국영화사에서 ‘암흑기’ 또는 ‘퇴행기’, 국가 주도적 정책에 의한 ‘통제와 불황의 시기’로 규정된 1970년대를 뉴시네마의 태동과 활동기로 복원하고자 한다. 이 연구는 1960년대 중반, 최초의 실험영화 동인인 시네포엠 동인의 등장과 그 배경에서 출발해, 새로운 영화를 추구하는 배경이 된 정책과 산업, 그리고 아시아영화제라는 세계 영화로의 활로 등장, 뉴시네마 개념의 수입으로 촉발된 영화 담론의 변화, 1970년대 실험영화 제작 주체인 동인들 간 인적·사회적 관계와 제작 활동, 인접한 예술 분야와의 관계 분석으로 귀결된다. 새로운 영화를 선언한 실험영화 동인의 활동과 실험영화의 특징을 분석함으로써 실험영화 동인에 의한 뉴시네마 실천의 의미를 규명한다. 한국 실험영화 동인의 등장과 실험영화를 통한 뉴시네마의 실천은 세 가지 의미로 집약된다. 첫 번째, 실험영화 동인은 주류영화 및 동시대 공존했던 실험영화 동인들과 차별화된 의식의 선언에서 출발해 각기 다른 시각적 표현에 근거한 뉴시네마를 실천한다. 유현목과 최일수는 시네포엠 동인을 조직해 기존의 극영화나 시극, 기존의 문화영화와는 구별되는 새로움의 종합예술로 실험영화인 〈선〉(1964)과 〈손〉(1966)을 제작한다. 새로운 영화의 추구는 주류영화에서 실험적 예술영화로 시도되어, 일본 뉴웨이브의 핑크영화 원작을 번안한 아방가르드 영화 〈춘몽〉(1965)으로 완성된다. 유현목의 실험영화 35mm 필름의 형식적 실험으로 아방가르드 영화의 성격을 보여준다면, 1970년대 등장한 실험영화 동인의 실험영화는 8mm나 16mm 소형영화 기재를 활용한 개인의 시각이 강조된다. 아마추어를 대상으로 ‘소형영화 대중화 운동’을 주장한 소형영화동호회는 일반 대중(아마추어)을 대상으로 소형영화 작품의 제작·교육 기회를 제공해, 제작 수단, 제작 방식, 제작 주체의 변화를 꾀한 새로운 영화의 바람을 불러일으킨다. 영상연구회는 청년주체에 의한 주관적 의식과 왜곡된 세계를 영상화한 ‘순수영화’를 지향한다. 남성적 주류영화에 대항하는 여성주의와 반(反)영화를 선언한 카이두는 매체실험과 신체의 행위성에 근거한 새로움으로 기존의 실험영화와 다른 작품을 추구한다. ‘새 세대의 새 영화’로 영화예술화 운동을 선언한 영상시대는 영화예술 담론 모색, 새로운 영화세대 발굴, 한국적 영화미와 표현양식을 시도해 주류·상업영화에서 새로운 영화문화를 선도하고자 했다. 영상시대와 1970년대 실험영화 동인, 외국문화원의 영향에서 탄생한 청년영상연구회는 기존의 실험영화 동인들과는 다른 새로운 영화로 사회적 현실과 기록의 실제성에 근거한 작품을 남긴다. 실험영화 동인의 실험영화는 기존의 영화적 관습을 거부한 개인의식의 시각적 표현으로 출현하며 각기 다른 의식으로 뉴시네마를 실천함으로써 새로운 영화를 향한 변화의 흐름을 형성한다. 두 번째, 실험영화 동인의 뉴시네마는 영화를 관조적 예술에서 수행성에 근거한 예술로 변화시킨다. 1960년대 중반의 실험영화와 예술영화는 초기 아방가르드 영화이론에 근거한 주관적 내면과 정신의 시각적 표현에 집중하는 반면, 1970년대 실험영화 동인의 실험영화는 신체의 감각과 표현에 근거한 행위를 강조한다. 기존 제도권 예술에 반대하며 등장한 실험미술은 해프닝과 퍼포먼스, 설치, 영상과 같이 매체특정성을 벗어난 작품들을 선보인다. 매체특정성을 벗어나는 작품에 깃든 사회 비판적 행동주의는 실험영화 동인의 인적관계와 시각적 표현에 영향을 주면서 신체 행위와 감각을 주제화한 작품으로 반영된다. 실험영화는 주류와 비주류의 경계, 장르 간 경계를 넘나들고 시각예술에서의 새로움을 상호 교류함으로써 발전한다. 실험영화 작가는 실험영화를 통한 능동적인 행위로 세계와 상호작용하고 현실이 작동하는 방식에 개입해 새로움을 추구한다. 일상의 삶을 다루고 청년 주체의 시각을 주제화하는 실험영화는 현실과 삶의 조건에 대한 작가 개인의 사고를 주장한다. 영화는 이야기의 재현에 의존하는 예술이 아닌, 관객의 삶과 함께 호흡하는 과정적 예술로 변화한다. 세 번째, 실험영화 동인의 뉴시네마 실천은 영화를 사회 변혁의 도구로 사유함으로써 1980년대 영화운동의 기반을 조성한다. 1970년대 실험영화는 작가의 자화상과 내적 세계를 시각적으로 표현하는데, 실험영화의 사회비판적 메시지는 주관적 표현 속에 은유적으로 반영된다. 1970년대 초기 실험영화에서 확인되는 은유적 표현은 1970년대 말에서 1980년대 초에 등장한 영화 동인에 의해 현실의 모순을 객관화하고 작가의 메시지를 직접적으로 표현하는 수행적 성격으로 변화한다. 영화는 개인 행위와 경험에 근거한 ‘사고표현의 도구’ 가 되면서 ‘현실 변혁의 도구’로 인식된다. 기동성이 좋은 소형영화는 개인의 사고를 자유롭게 표현하면서도 관객의 일상적 삶에 침투해 현실에 개입할 수 있는 수단이 된 것이다. 1980년대 영화운동은 국가권력과 자본통제라는 이중의 구속에서 벗어날 수 있는 ‘사회운동의 도구’로서 영화를 사고한다. 영화운동은 ‘작은 영화’, ‘열린 영화’, ‘영화 소집단 운동’과 같은 개념으로 당대의 대안적 문화운동과 더불어 영화를 저항의 방법이자 실천적 도구로 사고한다. 실험영화 동인의 뉴시네마는 영화를 관조적 예술이 아닌 특수한 인식과 수행의 도구로 인식함으로써 제도권에서 독립된 정체성과 새로운 이념을 수행하는 인식적, 실천적 기반이 되었다. 뉴시네마의 실천적 변화는 1980년대 영화운동의 토대가 된다. 실험영화 동인에 의한 뉴시네마의 실천은 새로운 제작 수단과 제작 방식, 제작 주체를 통한 새로운 영화를 주장한다. 영화는 관조적 표현의 예술에서 수행적 예술로 사고되어 사회 변혁의 방법이자 도구가 된다. 실험영화 동인에 의한 뉴시네마의 역동성과 다양성은 1960년대의 새로운 영화를 향한 열망과 1980년대 사회 변혁의 영화운동을 교통시키는 실천적 흐름이라는 점에서 그 역사적 의의를 찾을 수 있다 (영문초록)This thesis began by questioning the beginning of new cinema in Korean film history and its meaning. The notion of ‘Korean New Wave,’ emblematic of a new wave in Korean cinema, sought to define the identity of Korean cinema in response to the global recognition of world cinema. It perceived that the in- novation in themes, narratives, and styles exhibited in Korean cinema continued the spirit of resistance from the 1980s film movement and realism. The assertion regarding innovation based on the Korean New Wave as a turning point is problematic as it presupposes the severance with the 1970s. This thesis identifies the 1960s and 1970s as a period in which new cinema emerged and was practiced by the experimental film coteries. Through this, it seeks to restore the 1970s, a period in Korean film history designated as the ‘dark ages’ or ‘regressive period,’ and a ‘period of control and recession’ due to state-led policies, as a period of New Cinema. This research, beginning with the emergence of “Ciné poem,” the pioneering experimental film coterie in the mid 1960s and its contextual background, explores the policies and industrial devel- opments that propelled the pursuit of new cinema. The study navigates the global landscape via the Asia-Pacific Film Festival(APFF), the importation of New Cinema concepts and the resulting shifts in film discourse, and concludes by scrutinizing the interpersonal and social dynamics among the experimental film coteries, pivotal figures in the production of experimental films during the 1970s, and their production activities as well as their relationships with adjacent art disciplines throughout the same period. By analyzing the activities and sig- nificance of experimental film coteries who declared the advent of New Cinema, this research aims to elucidate the meaning behind the New Cinema practice by the experimental film coteries.The emergence of Korean experimental film coteries and the realization of New Cinema through experimental films can be summarized in three key dimensions. Firstly, experimental film coteries signify a declaration of conscious- ness that differentiates itself from mainstream cinema and contemporaneous ex- perimental film coteries. They actively engage in practicing New Cinema based on distinct visual expressions, each rooted in different perspectives. Yu Hyun-mok and Choi Il-soo organized “Ciné poem” coterie to produce ex- perimental films 〈The Line(Sun)〉(1964) and 〈Hand(Son)〉(1966), which represented a comprehensive artistry of novelty distinct from conventional narrative films, poetic dramas, and traditional Culture Films(munhwa yeonghwa). The pursuit of New Cinema transitions from mainstream to experimental art films, culminating in the avant-garde film, 〈The Empty Dream(春夢, Chunmong)〉(1965), adapted from the pink film of the Japanese New Wave. While Yu Hyun-mok’s ex- perimental films showcased the avant-garde nature through formal experiments with 35mm film, the experimental films produced by the coteries in the 1970s emphasized individual vision using small gauge film formats such as 8mm or 16mm. ‘Sohyŏng-yŏnghwa-tonghohoe(韓國小型映畫同好會, Small Gauge Film Enthusiasts),’ advocating for the ‘Small Gauge Film Popularization Movement’ targeting amateurs, aimed to stir the winds of New Cinema by providing opportunities for the creation and education of small gauge film works for the general public(amateurs). Seeking changes in production means, methods, and entities, they aspired to catalyze a new wave in cinema. The ‘yŏngsang-yŏnkuhoe(映像硏究會, Image Study Group)’ advocates for ‘pure cinema,’ visualizing a subjective consciousness and distorted world crafted by the youth. Challenging the masculine mainstream cinema, ‘Kaidu’ declares a feminist and anti-cinema stance, seeking to create distinct works from traditional experimental films through in- novation rooted in media experiments and the performative aspects of the body. ‘Young Sang Shi Dae(映像時代, Image Era),’ proclaiming a cinematic art move- ment as the “new cinema of a new generation,” aimed to pioneer a new film culture by exploring cinematic art discourse, discovering a new film generation, and attempting to introduce Korean film aesthetics and expressive forms, diverging from mainstream and commercial cinema. Influenced by the Image Era, the experimental film coteries in the 1970s, and the Foreign Cultural Centers in Seoul, the ‘Ch’ŏngnyŏn-yŏngsang-tonghohoe(靑年映像硏究會, Youth Film Study Group)’ emerges, shaping a new cinematic landscape. Their works, diverging from traditional experimental film coteries, are anchored in social reality and performative documentary, resulting in a body of work that offers a unique perspective. The experimental films of the coteries emerge as visual expressions of individual consciousness that reject conventional cinematic norms. Each unique perspective within these experimental films contributes to the practice of New Cinema, shaping a transformative movement toward new cinema by diverging from established cinematic conventions. Secondly, the New Cinema of experimental film coteries transforms cinema from a contemplative art to a performative art. While the experimental and art films of the mid-1960s focused on subjective introspection and visual ex- pressions of the mind, drawing from early avant-garde film theory, the ex- perimental films of the coteries in the 1970s highlight actions grounded in the sensations and expressions of the body. Emerging in opposition to established institutionalized art, experimental art presents works that transcend mediumspecific boundaries, showcasing forms such as happenings, performances, installations, and film works. Embedded in works that transcend medium-specific boundaries, the socially critical performative activism of experimental film coteries is reflected in the experimental film coteries’ interpersonal relationships and visual expressions. This influence manifests in works that thematize bodily actions and sensations. Experimental films evolve by transcending the boundaries between mainstream and non-mainstream, between genres, through mutual exchange of innovation within the realm of experimental arts. Auteurs of ex- perimental films actively interact with the world and intervene in the workings of reality via experimental cinema, all in pursuit of innovation. Experimental films that focus on the perspective of youth regarding everyday life assert the individual thoughts of the auteur regarding the conditions of reality and life. This transformative approach shifts film from an art reliant on the representation of stories to a process oriented art that breathes alongside the audience’s life. Thirdly, the New Cinema practice of experimental film coteries envisions film as a tool for social transformation, paving the way for the film movement of the 1980s. In the 1970s, experimental films visually expressed the self-portrait and internal world of the artist, where the social critique embedded in experimental film’s messages was metaphorically reflected within subjective expressions. The metaphorical expressions observed in early 1970s experimental films transformed, by the end of the 1970s to the early 1980s, with the emergence of film coteries, evolving into a performative nature that objectively confronted the contradictions of reality and directly conveyed the artist’s message. As film be- comes a ‘tool of thought expression’ based on individual actions and experiences, it is recognized as a ‘tool for societal transformation.’ The agility of small gauge films enables the free expression of individual thoughts while seamlessly infiltrating the audience’s everyday lives, allowing for intervention in reality. The film movement of the 1980s perceives cinema as a ‘tool for social activism,’ capable of breaking free from the dual constraints of state power and capital control. The film movement conceptualizes cinema as both a method of resistance and a practical tool, alongside alternative cultural movements of the time, through concepts such as ‘small films,’ ‘open films,’ and the ‘film collective movement.’ The New Cinema of experimental film coteries, recognizing film not as a contemplative art but as a tool for unique perception and performance, becomes the cognitive and practical foundation for an independent identity and new ideologies outside the established norms. The transformative shift centered around the New Cinema became the foundation for the film movement of the 1980s. The practice of New Cinema by experimental film coteries advocates for a new kind of cinema through innovative means, production methods, and subjects. Shifting from cinema as an art of contemplative expression to a process oriented art grounded in performance, film becomes both a method and tool for societal transformation. The dynamics and diversity of New Cinema driven by experimental film coteries hold historical significance in bridging the desire for a new cinema in the 1960s with the practical movement of the film revolution during the societal transformations of the 1980s.

Contents

목 차 요약 ·············································································································································· ⅴ I. 서론 ··········································································································································· 1 1. 연구 배경과 목적 ··············································································································· 1 2. 선행연구 검토와 연구 방향 ··························································································· 10 II. 실험영화와 뉴시네마의 정의 ····························································································· 22 1. 실험영화의 역사와 의미 ································································································· 22 가. 기존 예술의 부정과 새로움의 선언 ······································································· 25 나. 매체성에 의한 개인 시각의 표현 ··········································································· 29 다. 인터미디어적 실험의 매체 확장성 탐구 ······························································· 32 2. 뉴시네마의 의미와 영향 ································································································· 35 가. 뉴시네마의 의미 ········································································································ 35 나. 뉴시네마와 언더그라운드 영화의 관계와 영향 ··················································· 40 Ⅲ. 1960년대 유현목의 매체 종합의 실험영화 ··································································· 45 1. 시에 근거한 종합예술의 시네포엠 ················································································ 45 가. 시네포엠 동인의 설립 배경 ···················································································· 45 나. 시의 종합적 이미지: 최일수의 시네포엠론 ·························································· 52 다. 문화영화로 시도된 실험영화, 〈선(線)〉(1964)과 〈손〉(1966) ···························· 57 2. 번안(飜案)에 의한 실험적 예술영화 ············································································· 64 가. 아시아영화제를 경유한 정책·산업적 이해(利害)와 예술성의 이해(理解) ······· 64 나. 일본영화를 통한 새로움의 수용과 아시아적 특수성의 사고 ···························· 71 다. 아방가르드 영화의 몽환성(夢幻性), 〈춘몽(春夢)〉(1965) ··································· 80 Ⅳ. 영화의 예술성 추구와 뉴시네마 담론 형성 ·································································· 87 1. 유신정권의 영화정책과 예술성 추구 ············································································ 87 가. 전체주의적 통치와 우수영화 육성 ········································································· 87 나. 우수영화와 예술영화의 구분 ·················································································· 91 다. 초기 아방가르드 영화 이론에 기초한 영화의 예술성 ······································· 98 2. 뉴시네마 담론 형성과 시각문화의 변화 ···································································· 105 가. 뉴시네마 담론의 수입과 새로운 영화의 의미 ··················································· 105 나. 하길종의 시적 영화의 의미 ·················································································· 112 다. 청년문화의 반(反)문화와 행위예술의 등장 ························································ 118 Ⅴ. 1970년대 실험영화 동인의 활동과 의미 ····································································· 127 1. 실험영화 동인의 출현 배경 ························································································· 127 가. 실험영화 동인의 조력자: 유현목의 역할 ··························································· 127 나. 새로운 세대의 영화문화 형성, 외국문화원과 한국청소년영화제 ··················· 133 2. 소형영화에 의한 개인의식의 영상화 ·········································································· 139 가. 소형영화동호회, 소형영화 대중화 운동 ····························································· 139 나. 영상연구회, 주관적 의식의 순수영화 실천 ························································ 145 3. 카이두(클럽), 행위에 기반한 매체실험의 성격 ························································ 152 가. 여성 주체성과 반(反)영화의 선언 ········································································ 152 나. 신체의 행위와 감각을 통한 매체 확장성 탐구 ················································· 157 4. 주류영화와 그 경계에서 등장한 새로운 영화 ·························································· 163 가. 영상시대, 한국적 영상의 뉴시네마 실천 ··························································· 163 나. 청년영상연구회, 사회의식을 투영한 수행적 다큐멘터리 ································ 170 Ⅵ. 결론 ···································································································································· 178 참고문헌 ···································································································································· 185 Abstract ···································································································································212

Holdings Information 1

TKC04178_01

Source
한국영상자료원 수집팀
Acquisition Method
수집
Acquisition Date
2024-04-30
Group Information
-
Access
On-site Access
Copy/Rental
-
Storage Location
영상도서관(상암)

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