BASIC MOTION PICTURE TECHNOLOGY

dForeword = 10 1 PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY = 11 The beginnings Edison and Lumière The early cinema Consolidation in the 1920’s Introduction of the sound film Technical changes to the film Equipment changes for sound The established cinema Colour motion pictures Magnetic sound recording The competition of television The television picture Television image structure Reactions to television Improvements in colour film Widescreen presentation Format changes Non-anamorphic widescreen Large-film systems Wide film variants Smaller formats Film for television Theatrical motion pictures and television Present-day practice 2 BASIC PHOTOGRAPHY = 52 Focusing Depth of field Lens angle and field of view Camera angle Lens aperture F-number scales Effect of lens aperture Recording the visual image Reversal processing Basis of colour reproduction Colour photography Colour reversal processing The chemistry of processing 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE = 80 Scene brightness range Densities Sensitometry Tonal reproduction in the negative Tonal reproduction in the positive Overall reproduction Colour film characteristics Exposure control Light meters Film sensitivity rating Processing control Motion picture film Base manufacture Emulsion coating Physical characteristics Film dimensions Perforation pitch Picture image areas Sound track areas 4 PICTURE RECORDING = 109 Camera lenses Zoom lenses Lens aperture Lenses for widescreen photography Camera mechanism Continuous drive The intermittent Types of intermittent movement Film path in the camera Shutter Magazines Film path in amateur cameras Motor drive Viewfinders Reflex viewfinders Electronic monitor viewfinders Camera controls Focusing Lens aperture control Zoom lens control Other controls Camera accessories Special cameras Future developments 5 SOUND RECORDING AND REPRODUCTION = 149 Magnetic system Magnetic materials Tape and film Tape speed Synchronization Track dimensions Combined recording Recording equipment Microphone directivity Special microphones Tape recording equipment Magnetic film recorders Optical sound recording Sound recording cameras Sound film processing Cross modulation tests Optical track reproduction Magnetic striped prints 6 STUDIO PRODUCTION = 182 Production organization The studio complex The sound stage Light sources Lighting units Lighting equipment mounts Electrical supplies for lighting Camera mountings Studio sound shooting Rushes service Rush print synchronization Editing Dialogue replacement Sound editing Final dubbing Multi-track recording 7 FURTHER ASPECTS OF PRODUCTION = 214 Location work Special effects work Model work and miniatures Image combination Projection process photography Reflex projection Laboratory special effects Matte printing Painted matte shots Travelling mattes Aerial image photography Electronic special effects Electronic aids to production Multi-camera filming 8 FILM PROCESSING = 245 Developing machines Reservoirs Rack film path Film drive by sprockets Friction drive Principle of tendency drive Tendency drive mechanisms Rack frameworks Drying cabinets Processing sequence Solution systems Replenishment Reduction of solution carry-over Spray and viscous processing Printing machines Continuous printers Intermittent printers Wet printing Exposure control in printing Light change methods Colour modulation Light change actuation Laboratory organization Grading Release printing 9 DUPLICATING METHODS = 280 Printing stages Colour duplicating Colour reversal intermediates First and second generation duplicates Duplicating reversal originals Change of format Printers for duplication Contrast in optical copies The Technicolor process International exchange Transfer from television film U.S. kinescope practice Electron beam recording Telerecording in colour 10 PRESENTATION = 304 The projector The intermittent mechanism Drive mechanism Spool boxes Light sources Projection lenses Anamorphic projection Screens Screen luminance Screen formats Sound reproduction The auditorium Acoustic treatment Projection practice Automatic operation Multi-theatres Drive-in theatres Nori-theatrical presentation Educational usage Film in television Telecine mechanisms Telecine reproduction Appendices = 344 Bibliography = 352 Glossary = 355 Index = 362

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