Guide To Filmmaking

Preface = 1 Introduction = 5 Ⅰ. 8mm and 16mm = 13 Persistence of vision = 13 Various film sizes = 13 16mm film = 13 16mm film compared with 8mm film = 14 Super 8, single 8 and regular 8 = 14 Ⅱ. The Camera = 16 General considerations = 16 Lens mounts = 16 Interchangeable lenses and turrets = 16 Camera weight and balance = 17 Viewing systems = 17 Automatic exposure and automatic diaphragm = 22 Camera motors = 23 Camera film capacity = 25 Single frame exposure = 25 Variable shutter = 25 Footage counter = 27 Cleaning the aperture and pressure plate = 27 In-camera effects = 28 Attaching filters = 28 Camera noise = 28 Camera quality = 29 Purchasing equipment = 29 Testing equipment = 30 Renting equipment = 31 Ⅲ. The Lens = 33 Focal length = 33 Perspective = 34 Depth of field = 36 Lens aperture or diaphragm = 37 F/stops = 37 Lens quality = 37 Zoom lenses = 41 Focusing a zoom lens = 43 Close-ups with zoom lenses = 43 Additional lenses = 43 Changing the zoom range = 43 Choice of zoom ranges = 44 Care of the lens = 44 Lens shades = 46 The matte box = 47 Ⅳ. Exposure = 48 Underexposure and overexposure = 48 Automatic exposure = 48 Setting for the proper exposure = 48 Reflected-light readings = 49 Taking a reflected-light reading = 52 Spot meters = 52 Incident light readings = 52 Exposure meters = 53 Ⅴ. Film Raw Stock = 56 Composition of raw stock = 56 Negative film = 56 Reversal film = 56 Comparative costs = 56 Comparative handling = 57 Comparative quality = 57 ASA ratings = 58 Forced processing = 58 Color versus black and white = 59 General comparisons of films = 59 16mm films = 60 Care of films = 62 Ⅵ. Filming = 64 Editing and filming = 64 Shooting ratios = 64 Film time and film space = 65 Continuity shooting = 65 Camera supports = 66 Pans and tilts = 69 The moving camera = 70 Zooming = 70 Cutting from a camera movement = 71 Panning to simulate a moving camera = 71 Actual vehicle speed versus its appearance on film = 71 Focusing and framing = 72 Field work = 75 Assistants = 78 Image sharpness = 79 Summing up = 81 Ⅶ. Lighting = 83 Key light = 83 Fill light = 83 Lighting ratio = 83 Back light = 84 Types of lighting = 85 Viewing glasses = 86 Types of lighting equipment = 86 Problems with daylight filming = 89 Ⅷ. The Laboratory = 91 Choosing a lab = 91 Information to be sent to the lab = 93 Exposure tests = 94 Timing = 95 Storing the original = 95 Film cans = 95 Edge-numbers = 96 Single- and double-perforated workprints = 96 8mm and the lab = 97 Emulsion position and winds = 97 Other lab services = 98 Color workprints and release prints = 99 Scene-to-scene color correction and effects = 99 Master positives and duplicate negatives = 100 The optical house = 100 Optical effects = 100 Generations = 103 Homemade optical printer = 104 Final printing = 106 The answer print = 108 Ⅸ. Problems of Color Filming = 110 Color balance = 110 Color filming in daylight = 110 Color filming with incandescent light = 111 Color filming with window light = 112 Color filming with fluorescent light = 113 Color filming from a television receiver = 113 Ⅹ. Filters = 115 Filter factors = 115 Neutral density filters = 116 Polarizing filters = 116 Diffusing filters = 117 Fog filters = 117 Filters to protect the lens = 117 Filters for black and white films = 118 Filters for color film = 118 XI. Picture Editing = 120 The 180° rule = 121 Cutting and pacing = 123 The cut-away = 123 Continuity editing = 124 Microphone = 155 Slate = 155 XVI[XII]. Sound Editing = 157 Sound transfer = 157 Sound studio services = 157 The synchronizer = 158 The Moviola = 159 Synchronizing rushes = 159 Care of the magnetic film = 160 Start marks = 160 Degaussing = 161 Machine edge-numbering = 161 Continuity editing = 162 The mix = 162 Epilogue: Showing the film = 165 Appendix A: A Comparison of Running Times and Formats of 8mm, Super 8, and 16mm Motion Picture Films = 167 Appendix B: Handling, Repair, and Storage of Eastman Kodak 16mm Motion Picture Films = 171 Appendix C: Depth of Field Charts = 187 Appendix D: Conforming the Original = 246 Appendix E: Suggested Reading = 249 Index = 251

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