TELEVISON BROADCASTING

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Television Broadcast Systems = 13 1-1.Introduction = 13 1-2.Basic Function of the Lens = 17 1-3.The Pickup Tube = 20 1-4.The Scanning Process = 25 1-5.The Camera-Control and Monitor Unit = 31 1-6.The Mixing (Switching) and Monitor Unit = 32 1-7.TV Transmitters and Antennas = 33 1-8.A Capsule View of the NTSC Color System = 40 1-9.TV Linking Facilities = 44 CHAPTER 2 NTSC Color Fundamentals = 51 2-1.Method of Attack = 51 2-2.What Is Colorimetry? = 52 2-3.Introduction to the Nature of Human Vision = 52 2-4.The Standardization of Television Color = 55 2-5.Television White and Color Standards = 61 2-6.Limits of Vision = 64 2-7.Transmission Primaries = 67 2-8.Signal Proportions for Illuminant C = 67 2-9.I and Q Transmission Primaries = 70 2-10.Luminance and Chrominance Modulation Levels = 72 2-11.Fundamentals of Chrominance Modulation = 75 2-12.Derivation of Chrominance Phase = 82 2-13.Chrominance Modulation = 87 2-14.Color Timing and Burst Phasing = 92 2-15.Fundamentals of the Color Receiver and Monitor = 98 2-16.The YRGB Camera System = 109 2-17.Gamma Correction = 110 CHAPTER 3 Basic Television Waveforms and System Fundamentals = 115 3-1. Basic Definitions = 115 3-2. Significance of Bandwidth-Curve Shape = 117 3-3. What to Expect in Picture Resolution = 120 3-4. The T Pulse and Detail Contrast = 124 3-5.The Time-Constant Concept in Video Transmission = 125 3-6.Operational Measurements of TV Waveforms = 138 3-7.Average Picture Level (APL) and DC Restoration = 143 3-8.The "System Concept” = 150 CHAPTER 4 The Television Studio Camera Chain = 153 4-1.The Basic Monochrome Camera Lens = 153 4-2.Lens Systems With Variable Focal Length = 165 4-3.Color Light-Splitting Optics = 168 4-4.The Image Orthicon Tube = 171 4-5.The Vidicon Tube = 186 4-6.The Plumbicon (Lead-Oxide) Tube = 190 4-7.The Pickup-Tube Yoke = 192 4-8.Pulse-Drive Systems for the Camera Head = 206 4-9.Video Processing = 208 4-10.The RCA TK-42 Color Camera Chain = 215 4-11.The Ampex BC 210 Two-Tube Color Camera = 218 4-12.The Marconi Mark VII = 218 CHAPTER 5 The Film Camera Chain and Circuitry Common to Studio and Film Chains = 224 5-1.The TV Projector = 224 5-2.Film Islands = 228 5-3.The Field Lens: Center of Color Optics = 233 5-4.Film-Camera Optical Alignment = 236 5-5.The Color-Bar Generator = 238 5-6.Nonadditive Mixing (NAM) = 243 5-7.The Matrix and Encoder = 246 5-8.Special Circuits = 257 CHAPTER 6 The Synchronizing Generator, Pulse Distribution, and System Timing = 260 6-1.What the Sync Generator Must Do = 260 6-2.AFC Circuitry = 269 6-3.The Color-Sync Timing System = 272 6-4.FCC Sync Standards in Practical Form = 276 6-5.Cable Delay = 277 6-6.System Timing = 282 6-7.System Phase for Color Sync = 286 6-8.System Phasing Developments = 290 6-9.The Pulse-Cross Monitor = 291 CHAPTER 7 Video and Audio Signal Distribution = 296 7-1.Source and Line Video Distribution = 296 7-2.The Video Switcher = 298 7-3.Fundamentals of Electronic Special Effects = 316 7-4.Nonelectronic Special Effects = 329 7-5.Automation Switchers = 332 7-6.Video Stabilizing and Processing Amplifiers = 341 7-7.The TV Audio System = 351 CHAPTER 8 Television Recording Systems = 356 8-1.The Kinescope Recording System = 356 8-2.Electron-Beam Recording = 365 8-3.Video Tape Recording Systems = 371 8-4.The Helical-Scan Recorder = 382 8-5.The Slow-Motion, Stop-Action Disc Recorder = 385 CHAPTER 9 Studio Lighting = 389 9-1.The Nature of Light = 389 9-2.Studio Lighting = 394 9-3.Operational Features of Studio Lighting = 403 9-4.Lighting Techniques = 407 9-5.Lighting Control = 414 CHAPTER 10 Operation of Studio Equipment = 419 10-1. Checking the Monitors = 423 10-2. Preliminary Operating Notes for the Image Orthicon = 429 10-3.Image-Orthicon Adjustments = 433 10-4.Encoder Adjustment Techniques = 442 10-5.Reproduction of Flesh Tones = 449 10-6.Amplifier and Image-Orthicon Calibration = 454 10-7.Lead-Oxide Camera Setups = 468 10-8.Studio Color-Camera Operations = 470 10-9.Basic Camera-Operating Techniques = 474 10-10.Film-Chain Operations = 482 10-11.Switcher (TD) Operations = 488 10-12.Useful Scanned Area = 494 10-13.Audio Operations = 495 10-14.Typical Basic Operating Practices = 510 CHAPTER 11 Mobile and Remote Telecasts = 514 11-1.Specialized Mobile and Field Equipment = 514 11-2.Cameras for Either Studio or Field = 516 11-3.Preliminary Considerations = 517 11-4.Program Considerations = 519 11-5.The Baseball Telecast = 523 11-6.Football Pickups = 531 11-7.Miscellaneous Field Events = 533 11-8.Portable Lighting = 535 CHAPTER 12 Microwave Relay Systems = 537 12-1. Basic Theory of Microwave Propagation = 537 12-2. Propagation-Path Calculations = 540 12-3. Microwave-Circuit Fundamentals = 548 CHAPTER 13 Television Antenna Systems and Transmitters = 554 13-1. Terminology = 554 13-2. Use of Charts and Graphs = 555 13-3.Effective Radiated Power = 556 13-4.Free-Space Field Intensity = 558 13-5.Field Intensity Considering Ground Effects = 558 13-6.Effective Antenna Length = 559 13-7.Effective Antenna Height = 562 13-8.Transmitting Antennas and Feed Systems = 564 13-9.Transmitter Video Stages = 578 13-10.TV Aural (FM) Stages = 587 13-11.Redundancy in TV Transmitters = 589 13-12.Special Lower-Sideband Requirement in Color Operation = 589 CHAPTER 14 Operations at the Transmitter = 592 14-1.Transmitter Monitoring = 592 14-2.General Tuning Procedures = 597 14-3.Transmitter Power Output = 603 14-4.Typical Transmitter Operations = 608 14-5.Emergency Procedures = 612 APPENDIX A Reference Tables = 618 APPENDIX B Glossary = 620 APPENDIX C Answers to Exercises = 630 Index = 648

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