ON FILM

PREFACE = xiii PART 1. BEGINNINGS 1. SCIENCE PRODUCES A NEW ART = 1 THE CAMERA OBSCURA = 4 THE MAGIC LANTERN = 4 PERSISTENCE OF VISION = 5 ANIMATING DEVICES = 5 STILL PHOTOGRAPHY = 8 TRANSPARENCIES = 8 EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE = 9 THE PHOTOGRAPHIC GUN = 11 THOMAS EDISON: INVENTOR AND ENTREPRENEUR = 11 The Kinetoscope The Black Maria: The First Motion-Picture Studio Peep-Show Parlors PROJECTION = 16 The Cinématographe The Vitascope THE EDISON PROGRAMS = 19 THE LUMIÈRE PROGRAMS = 20 THE GROWTH OF A NEW INDUSTRY = 21 STORE THEATERS = 22 SUGGESTED READINGS = 23 2. ARTISTIC AND NARRATIVE PROGRESS = 25 THE PHOTOGRAPHIC RESPONSE = 26 Scenic Films Film Portraits THEATRICAL TENDENCIES = 35 THEATRICAL FILMS = 35 Ben Hur Le Film d'Art EARLY INNOVATORS = 40 Georges Méliès Edwin S. Porter Robert W. Paul and Cecil M. Hepworth SUGGESTED READINGS = 55 PART 2. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH IN AMERICA 3. DAVID WARK GRIFFITH = 59 WRITING ASPIRATIONS = 60 FINDING THE MOVIES = 61 Theater Expansion Competition and Monopoly Lawrence Griffith: Film Actor THE APPRENTICESHIP AT BIOGRAPH = 64 The Lonely Villa A Corner in Wheat Hollywood Is Discovered The Battle EXPANDED PROJECTS = 71 INSPIRATION = 73 Thomas Dixon, Jr, FILMING THE CLANSMAN = 75 Authenticity Forceful Drama AN ARTISTIC MASTERPIECE: THE BIRTH OF A NATION = 78 The Plot: Epic, Personal, and Political REACTIONS = 85 "Like Writing History with Lightning" INTOLERANCE = 87 The Mother and the Law The Fall of Babylon AFTER INTOLERANCE = 91 THE LILLIAN GISH FILMS = 91 Broken Blossoms: Studio Effects Way Down East: Creative Geography Orphans of the Storm: Historical Spectacle FINAL EFFORTS = 96 SUGGESTED READINGS = 97 4. GRIFFITH’S CONTEMPORARIES (1910-1925) = 99 THOMAS INCE: DIRECTOR-PRODUCER-DRAMATURGIST = 100 CECIL B. DE MILLE: DIRECTOR EXTRAORDINAIRE = 102 Entering Film: The Squaw Man The Cheat The Swanson Era Beginning of Spectacle MACK SENNETT: "KING OF COMEDY" = 108 Keystone The Sennett Style CHARLES CHAPLIN: THE EARLY YEARS = 112 An Unhappy Childhood Enter the Movies The Mutual Films Silent Features and Independence BUSTER KEATON = 122 SUGGESTED READINGS = 125 5. AMERICAN STUDIO FOUNDERS: THE SILENT YEARS = 127 PARAMOUNT PICTURES: GIANT OF THE SILENT ERA = 128 Famous Players: American Film d’Art Merger with Paramount Pictures Corporation Mary Pickford: A Paramount Star Douglas Fairbanks Block-Booking and Changing Quality Settling on the Exotic FOX PICTURES (TWENTIETH CENTURY-FOX): MANAGEMENT POWER = 133 The Power of the Publicity Agent Commercial and Artistic Success UNIVERSAL: HOME OF THE LOW-BUDGET PICTURE = 138 Serials and Sensation Erich Von Stroheim and Irving Thalberg METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER: HOME OF THE STARS = 142 Samuel Goldwyn Marcus Loew Louis B. Mayer An M-G-M Style Emerges WARNER BROTHERS: FAMILY ENTERPRISE = 146 Novice Film Exhibitors Beginning Producers Increased Productivity and Efficiency SUGGESTED READINGS = 151 PART 3. SILENT CINEMA ABROAD 6. SWEDEN, DENMARK, AND GERMANY (1912-1928) = 155 VICTOR SJÖSTRÖM AND MAURITZ STILLER: SWEDISH GIANTS = 156 Sjöström Stiller CARL DREYER: VISUAL IMPRESSIONIST = 160 The Passion of Joan of Arc GERMANY: STUDIO MASTERPIECES = 163 The Founding of Ufa The Historical Drama and the Ernst Lubitsch Comedy The Stylized Fantasy: Caligari Leads the Way Other Expressionistic Fantasies The Psychological Subjective-Camera Film The Love of Jeanne Ney: Naturalistic Tendencies SUGGESTED READINGS = 179 7. FRANCE: ECLECTICISM (1917-1930) = 181 FRENCH IMPRESSIONISM AFTER WORLD WAR Ⅰ = 182 Marcel L’Herbier Germaine Dulac Jean Epstein Abel Gance THE AVANT-GARDE = 189 Surrealism Cinéma Pur JEAN COCTEAU AND JEAN RENOIR = 196 Cocteau Renoir SUGGESTED READINGS = 199 8. RUSSIA: NATIONAL CAUSES AND MONTAGE (1917-1930) = 201 THEATRICAL REVOLT = 202 Eugene Vakhtangov Vsevolod Meyerhold THE CINEMA IS NATIONALIZED = 203 DZIGA VERTOV: CINEMA-TRUTH = 204 The Man with a Movie Camera LEV KULESHOV: EDITING THEORIST = 207 Creative Geography The Actor’s Function VSEVOLOD I. PUDOVKIN: EDITING AS LINKAGE = 208 Mother The End of St. Petersburg Storm over Asia I Published Theories SERGEI M. EISENSTEIN: THE COLLISION OF SHOTS = 215 Experimental Theater Strike The Battleship Potemkin October ALEXANDER DOVZHENKO: EPIC POET = 226 Arsenal Earth SUGGESTED READINGS = 229 Part 4. THE THIRTIES AND FORTIES 9. NEW TECHNOLOGY AND FILMTYPES: HOLLYWOOD (1927-1939) = 233 WARNERS INTRODUCES SOUND = 234 The Vitaphone Preludes The Jazz Singer The Silent Era Passes Tough Gangster Films Social Dramas and "G-Men" Backstage Musicals and Screen Biographies FOX: MOVIETONE NEWS AND B-PICTURES = 243 Newsreels B-Pictures and an "A" Child Star Merger METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER: PRODUCERS, PRESTIGE, AND GLAMOROUS ENTERTAINMENT = 246 UNIVERSAL: MONSTERS, INGENUES, AND WAR = 249 All Quiet on the Western Front RKO: TECHNICOLOR, SPECIAL EFFECTS, AND DANCE = 251 Technicolor King Kong and the Astaire-Rogers Team SUGGESTED READINGS = 255 10. SOUND IMPRESSIONS ABROAD: GERMANY, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA = 257 GERMANY = 258 The Blue Angel Propaganda FRANCE = 264 René Clair Jean Vigo Others RUSSIA AND EISENSTEIN = 267 SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING = 270 11. DIRECTORIAL STYLES: HOLLYWOOD (1930-1950) = 273 DOCUMENTARY TRADITIONS: ROBERT FLAHERTY = 275 Nanook of the North Documentary Principles Moana Visual Experimentation Man of Aran Films for Conservation Louisiana Story COMEDY'S GREATS: CAPRA, CHAPLIN, AND OTHER UNIQUE PERFORMERS = 282 Keaton and Langdon: Less Fortunate Frank Capra Ernst Lubitsch The Marx Brothers, W. C. Fields, and Mae West Charles Chaplin HOWARD HAWKS AND JOHN FORD: MASTER STORYTELLERS = 297 Hawks Ford ORSON WELLES: AMERICAN EXPRESSIONIST = 308 Citizen Kane The Magnificent Ambersons Subsequent Work SUGGESTED READINGS = 319 12. MAJOR EUROPEAN DIRECTORS: (1930-1950) = 321 JEAN RENOIR: REALISM AND IRONY = 322 Grand Illusion The Rules of the Game Later Work JEAN COCTEAU: FORMATIVE ARTIST = 328 Beauty and the Beast Later Work VITTORIO DE SICA: NEOREALIST = 332 Neorealism Is Born Open City and Shoeshine The Bicycle Thief Later Work SUGGESTED READINGS = 341 Part 5. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN AMERICA AND EUROPE 13. THE 1950s AND 60s: NEW TECHNOLOGY, INFLUENCES, THEMES COME TO HOLLYWOOD = 345 SOCIETAL FLUX AND TELEVISION = 346 ANTIMONOPOLY ACTION = 346 TECHNICAL GIMMICKS = 347 Cinerama 3-D Wider Screens New Frame Sizes Enduring Technology FREER EXPRESSION = 353 Statutory Censorship Self-Regulation The Miracle Case Code Breakdown The Rating System OUTSIDE INFLUENCES ON HOLLYWOOD CONTENT = 356 The Actors Studio Elia Kazan Other Actors, Other Writers Independent Producers Television Production SUGGESTED READINGS = 363 14. THE FRENCH NEW WAVE AND LUIS BUÑUEL = 365 INSPIRATION = 366 André Bazin Robert Bresson NEW WAVES = 368 François Truffaut Alain Resnais Jean-Luc Godard Other Directors Impact LUIS BUÑUEL = 381 SUGGESTED READINGS = 382 15. ITALY AFTER NEOREALISM = 385 FEDERICO FELLINI = 386 Autobiographical Inspiration Style and Themes MICHELANGELO ANTONIONI = 389 The Malaise Trilogy Later Themes LUCHINO VISCONTI = 384 ROBERTO ROSSELLINI = 395 ERMANNO OLMI = 396 NEW GENERATION DIRECTORS: PASOLINI, BERTOLUCCI, AND WERTMÜLLER = 397 Pier Paolo Pasolini Bernardo Bertolucci Lina Wertmüller SUGGESTED READINGS = 403 16. GREAT BRITAIN: STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY = 405 HITCHCOCK: BRITAIN’S MASTER OF SUSPENSE = 406 British Films American Work KORDA: LITERARY AND HISTORICAL MASTERPIECES = 409 NEW REALISM = 410 Jack Clayton Tony Richardson John Schlesinger FILMS FOR DIVERSION = 415 LOSEY, RUSSELL, KUBRICK, AND ROEG = 415 Joseph Losey Stanley Kubrick Nicholas Roeg Ken Russell SUGGESTED READINGS = 420 17. EASTERN EUROPE: INTERNATIONAL SUCCESS = 423 POLAND = 424 Andrzej Wajda Andrzej Munk, Wojciech Has, and Jerzy Kawalerowicz Roman Polanski CZECHOSLOVAKIA = 428 Jan Nemec and Véra Chytilová HUNGARY = 430 István Szabó Miklós Jancsó YUGOSLAVIA = 431 ANIMATION = 432 Ersatz and The Wall Themes SUGGESTED READINGS = 434 Part 6. RECENT VISIONARIES 18. INTERNATIONAL VISIONARIES = 439 SWEDEN: INGMAR BERGMAN = 440 Stylistic Eclecticism The Seventh Seal Wild Strawberries Religious Questioning Artistic Questioning Later Work Others in Sweden JAPAN = 442 Yasujiro Ozu Kenji Mizoguchi Akira Kurosawa Prominent Contemporaries INDIA: SATYAJIT RAY = 456 ACTIVITY IN GERMANY AND AUSTRALIA = 458 Germany Australia SUGGESTED READINGS = 461 19. THE STRAINS OF CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN CINEMA = 463 AUDIENCE TRANSITION = 464 Youthful Enterprise VIOLENCE: HEROES AND MORE ANTIHEROES = 468 Clint Eastwood Sam Peckinpah Francis Ford Coppola Antimythic Violence THE WELL-CRAFTED MELODRAMA, NOSTALGIA, AND COMEDY = 475 Melodrama Nostalgia Comedy Social Implications LOOKING AT VIETNAM = 481 Hearts and Minds Early Dramatic Efforts The Deer Hunter Apocalypse Now DIRECTORIAL STYLES = 486 Hal Ashby Woody Allen and Mel Brooks Robert Altman John Cassavetes Milos Forman Bob Fosse Sidney Lumet Paul Mazursky Martin Ritt Paul Schrader Martin Scorsese Melvin Van Peebles Claudia Weill OTHER MODES: ANIMATION, EXPERIMENTAL, AND DOCUMENTARY = 503 Animation Experimental Documentary EPILOGUE = 508 SUGGESTED READINGS = 510 GLOSSARY = 511 INDEX = 517

Show more