HANDBOOK of ANIMATION TECHNIQUES

Introduction = 9 PART Ⅰ. THE ANIMATED FILM = 11 The Animation Process = 12 Bar Sheets = 19 Cartoon Characters = 20 Basic Construction = 20 Types of Characters = 26 Backgrounds = 27 The Exposure Sheet = 29 Cel Levels = 31 Exposure Numbers = 32 Ones, Twos, and Threes = 32 The Hold Cel = 34 Animation = 36 The Animation Board = 36 Extremes = 38 Timing = 40 The Beat = 41 Lip Synchronization = 42 Accent and Anticipation = 44 Takes = 46 The Bouncing Ball = 48 Squash and Stretch = 51 Movement Cycles = 52 Sliding Cels = 55 Repeat Actions and Movement Cycles = 55 Sliding Cels and the Bouncing Ball = 59 Effects = 66 Flipping = 67 Shadows = 67 The Inbetweener = 68 The Inker = 69 The Opaquer = 70 The Animation Stand = 72 The GE Commercial = 77 Scene 1 = 78 Scene 2 = 91 Scene 3 = 100 Limited Animation = 106 Guides and Gimmicks = 112 Animation and Live Action = 124 Cartoon Animation and Live Action = 125 The Visual Squeeze = 128 Technical Animation = 148 The Scratch-off = 154 Titles = 165 Montage = 167 The Slide Film or Filmstrip = 168 The Slide Motion Film or Filmograph = 171 Stop-Motion = 176 Time-Lapse Photography = 181 Techniques Combined = 182 Puppets = 193 The I D or Station Identification = 196 Slides and Telops = 197 Computer-Generated Animation Techniques = 198 GT40 = 198 Key-Frame Computer-Generated Animation = 198 Telemation = 202 Video Character Generator = 202 Video Synthesizer = 202 Vidifont = 203 PART Ⅱ. COMMERCIAL FILM PRODUCTION = 205 Animation and the Camera = 206 The Old = 206 The New = 208 The Field Guide = 209 Zooms, Pans, and Spins = 209 The Pantograph = 228 Under Lighting = 231 The Pencil Test = 232 Fades and Dissolves = 233 The Camera Shutter and the Double-Exposure = 238 Cross-Fade = 239 Slit-Scan Photography = 240 The Superimposure = 241 Positioning by Camera Projection = 242 Rotoscope = 243 Aerial Image Photography = 244 The Bipack = 246 Off-Line Computerized Animation Recording = 247 On-Line Computerized Animation Recording = 252 Film and the Editor = 253 The Film Editor = 253 Prints = 254 Film Conversion Table = 254 Sound Track to Picture Advances = 255 Sound and Effects = 255 Words-per-Minute Chart = 257 Interlock System = 258 Editing Charts = 259 Processing = 262 Flow Charts = 263 The Optical Printer = 269 The Double-Exposure Effect = 271 Flip Effects = 271 Spin, Optical = 273 The Dropped Shadow = 274 The Matte = 275 Traveling Mattes = 281 Self-Matteing Processes = 281 Multimedia, or Videography = 283 Wipes = 284 Effects = 288 Split-Screen Shot = 288 The Multiple-Exposure Effects = 290 Solarization = 290 Strobe = 291 Out-of-Focus Effects = 292 Diffusion and Distortion = 292 Reversing Action = 292 The Computerized Optical Printer = 293 In Conclusion = 297 Glossary of Terms = 298 Index = 316

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