PHOTOGRAPHY

Photographs by Students = 1 1. Introduction to Photography = 7 2. Camera = 25 The Anatomy of a Camera = 26 The Major Types of Cameras = 28 The Camera’s Controls = 32 Keeping the Camera Steady = 44 Buying a Camera = 46 3. Lens = 49 Why Lenses Are Needed = 50 Types of Lenses = 54 Depth of Field = 64 Perspective = 72 Getting the Most from a Lens = 76 On Choosing Lenses = 78 4. Light and Film = 81 Making an Image in Silver = 82 A Characteristic Response to Light = 84 Choosing a Film = 86 How Black-and-White Film Sees Color = 94 The Polaroid Land Process = 102 5. Exposure = 105 Light Meters and How to Use Them = 106 Out-of-the-Ordinary Exposures = 118 6. Developing the Negative = 121 How to Process Roll Film Step by Step = 122 How Developer Chemicals Affect a Negative = 132 How Time and Temperature Affect Development = 134 Exposure and Development: Under, Normal, Over = 136 The Need for Proper Agitation ... = 138 ... and Fresh Solutions = 139 The Importance of Careful Washing and Drying = 140 Care Prevents These Darkroom Disasters = 141 Special Development Techniques = 142 7. Printing the Positive = 145 How to Process Prints = 146 How to Judge a Test Print = 164 Papers That Control Contrast = 166 The Versatility of Variable Contrast Paper = 168 Dodging and Burning In = 170 How to Make Better Prints = 172 Archival Processing for Maximum Permanence = 174 8. Finishing and Mounting = 177 Drying Your Prints = 178 Spotting and Toning = 180 How to Dry Mount = 182 Cutting an Overmat = 185 9. Lighting = 189 Direct Light = 190 Directional-Diffused Light = 191 Fully Diffused Light = 192 Silhouette = 193 Light as You Find It—Outdoors = 194 Light as You Find It—Indoors = 196 The Main Light: The Most Important Source = 198 The Fill Light: Modifying Shadows = 200 Lighting a Portrait = 202 Lighting Translucent Objects = 204 Lighting Textured Objects = 206 Lighting Shiny Objects = 207 Lighting with Flash = 208 Six Ways to Use Flash = 210 Calculating Exposures with Flash = 212 Avoiding Common Mistakes with Flash = 213 10. View Camera = 215 Inside the Modern View Camera = 216 The Four Camera Movements = 218 Controlling Plane of Focus and Depth of Field = 226 Controlling Perspective = 228 Dealing with Distortion = 230 What to Do First—and Next = 231 Loading and Processing Sheet Film = 232 11. Zone System = 235 Learning the Zone Scale = 236 Zone Scale and Exposure Meter for Precise Exposure = 238 How Development Controls Contrast = 240 A Full-Scale Print = 242 A Flat or a Contrasty Print—When You Want One = 244 Putting It All Together = 246 12. Special Techniques = 249 The World in Close-Up = 250 Special Printing Techniques = 256 Techniques Using High-Contrast Film = 260 Xerography—Prints from an Office Copy Machine = 266 13. Color = 269 To Make Colors, Add or Subtract = 270 Color Photographs: Three Image Layers = 272 Matching Film to the Light Source = 274 Filters to Balance Color = 276 Color Casts = 278 Shooting Color Early or Late = 280 Shifted Colors from Reciprocity Effect = 283 Bold Use of Direct Light／Delicate Tones in Indirect Light = 284 Processing Your Own Color = 286 Making a Color Print from a Negative = 288 Making a Color Print from a Transparency = 300 Instant Color Film = 304 14. Camera Vision = 307 The Frame: The Whole Scene or a Detail = 308 The Frame: The Edges of the Image = 310 Point of View: Seeing from Another Angle = 312 Sharpness—or the Lack of It = 314 Photographing the Light—or the Dark = 316 15. History of Photography = 319 The Invention of Photography = 320 Daguerreotype: “Designs on Silver Bright” = 322 Calotype: Pictures on Paper = 324 Collodion Wet-Plate: Sharp and Reproducible = 326 Early Portraits = 328 Images of War = 330 Early Travel Photography = 332 Gelatin Emulsion／Roll-Film Base: Photography for Everyone = 334 Time and Motion in Early Photographs = 336 The Photograph as Document = 338 Photography and Social Change = 340 The Photograph as Art in the 19th Century = 342 Pictorial Photography and the Photo-Secession = 344 The Direct and Unmanipulated Image = 346 The Quest for a New Vision = 348 Photojournalism = 350 The 1950s and After = 352 The 1960s and After = 354 16. Gallery = 357 Glossary = 377 Bibliography = 383 Index = 387

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